Essay on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (commonly known as PTSD) is an important issue associated with military soldiers. The primary focus of this paper will be on the causes of PTSD and the effects it has on returning soldiers from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. I will attempt to elaborate on the soldiers experiences through my own experiences in combat both in Iraq and Afghanistan. I will explain what PTSD is, look at the history of PTSD, how people get it, and differences of PTSD between men and women, and treatment options. As far back in history as we can go, humans have been in a fight for survival. There have been battles with gigantic mammoths, soldiers charging the front line with swords drawn or teachers witnessing neighbors†¦show more content†¦As the years went on, more was learned about this â€Å"battle sickness† and the appropriate therapies to treat them. Since more cases are found in the military, it was primarily military doctors who have formulated the treatments and plans to help those with PTSD we have today. PTSD is defined as an anxiety disorder that can occur after you have been through a traumatic event. A traumatic event is something horrible and scary that you see or happens to you† (United States). In these types of events one can feel that they are not in control of what is going on around them and may feel helpless or in great danger. The Department of Veterans Affairs has listed various life threatening events that can evolve into PTSD. These events include but are not limited to Combat or Military exposure, child sexual or physical abuse, terrorist attacks, sexual or physical assault, serious accidents, such as a car wreck, natural disasters, such as a fire, tornado, hurricane, flood, or earthquake† (United States). With the traumatic events causing PTSD come the reactions people will experience after a traumatic event. Nightmares associated with the incident, flashbacks, problems with sleep, and being jumpy are just some of the reactions people will have associated with their incident. The reactions will vary from one person to another and may not even be noticed until several months after a person returns from war. Some go through aShow MoreRelatedVeterans With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder2330 Words   |  10 Pagesmillions of veterans that have served this country by leaving behind their world as they once knew it, thank you. Entering the world of a soldier comes with a culture of warriors who are taught and trained to be ready to kill, but also ready to save, heal, and comfort (Hansen). Sergeant Hansen served in the United States Marine Corps for nine years and was deployed three times, once to Iraq and twice to Afghanistan. He was honorably discharged in April of 2014, however like many other veterans, his militaryRead More Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans Essay2315 Words   |  10 PagesHundreds of thousands of United States veterans are not able to leave the horrors of war on the battlefield (â€Å"Forever at War: Veterans Everyday Battles with PTSD† 1). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the reason why these courageous military service members cannot live a normal life when they are discharged. One out of every five military service members on combat tours—about 300,000 so far—return home with symptoms of PTSD or major depression. According to the Rand Study, almost half of theseRead MoreEssay On Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Veterans756 Words   |  4 Pagesstaff, â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition thats triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoug hts about the event†. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization committed to clinical practice, education and research, providing expert, whole-person care to everyone who needs healing. This particular condition is problematic among veterans, due toRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder in War Veterans2507 Words   |  11 PagesPOST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN WAR VETERANS SC-PNG-0000009299 Alwin Aanand Thomson American Degree Program SEGi College Penang 1.0 INTRODUCTION Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to ones own or someoneRead MoreNeeds of a Veteran with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder1137 Words   |  5 PagesNeeds of a Veteran with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Should veterans be able to live on their own with post-traumatic stress disorder? Going from living a great life with nothing wrong to being diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a life changing event for anyone, but should veterans be treated differently from everyone else? Life of Ted Olsen was normal before he was knocked unconscious by a â€Å"massive garage door that jumped a track on base and crashed down onRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder in War Veterans2491 Words   |  10 PagesPOST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN WAR VETERANS SC-PNG-0000009299 Alwin Aanand Thomson American Degree Program SEGi College Penang 1.0 INTRODUCTION Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to ones own or someoneRead MoreEssay on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans2443 Words   |  10 PagesMilitary service members who are and have been deployed to the middle east show high levels of emotional distress and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Both active duty and reserve component soldiers who have experienced combat have been exposed to high levels of traumatic stress. As a consequence, many have gone on to develop a wide range of mental health problems such as PTSD. â€Å"According to researchers, PTSD is a long-term reaction to war-zone exposure that can last up to a few minutes, hoursRead More Implications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans1577 Words   |  7 PagesImplications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans War is a complex concept that is increasingly difficult to understand, particularly in an age that allows for live images of combat to be beamed around the world. Many war films depict the brutalities of war and affects war has on participants, but it seems that these representations merely skim the surface. The 20th century is an era that saw a significant amount of military action: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, VietnamRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment For War Veterans1564 Words   |  7 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder treatment for war veterans Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that may develop after experiencing or seeing a traumatic or a brutal life threatening event. It is increasingly on the rise in war veterans. For those with PTSD only 53 percent have seen physicians or a mental health care provider. And for those who sought out care, roughly only 50 percent received adequate treatment when returning from combat. Although there are many treatmentsRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Among War Veterans2201 Words   |  9 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder among War Veterans Introduction Soldiers from combat missions face a variety of challenges when conforming to a civilian lifestyle. The fact that there are many of the identification issues and the influence of the environment, soldiers tend to exhibit Post-Traumatic stress disorders. The manifestation of the Post-Traumatic disorder PTSD leads to the development of traumatic brain syndrome and other problems. Service men and women have taken part in many war missions

A Brief Note On The Act Of Terrorism - 1688 Words

An act of terrorism. In itself, is neither moral, nor immoral - no act in itself ever is. Morality of an act is determined by the intentions of its perpetrators and by the circumstances under which it takes place. Killing is a morally neutral act, it is the intention of the killer and the circumstances under which the act takes place, that make it a crime of murder subject to a heavy punishment, an unfortunate accident , or an act of valour rewarded by a medal. In the course of wars or matters of internal policy involving destruction of people and property there are inevitable innocent victims. But established governments, while regretting this fact, justify it on the grounds of military or political necessity. These†¦show more content†¦Terrorists of the former British colonies became members of established governments of independent countries of Africa and Asia. Indeed there are few established governments in the world today, which at some time in history were not established by acts of destruction of people and property aimed at the then established governments. The American Civil War, the French Revolution, the Communist Revolution in Russia, the Chinese Revolution all began as acts of violence and destruction of people and property on a massive scale (including innocent victims) with the objective of overthrowing the then established governments. While established governments see terrorist activity as terrorism, terrorists themselves see it as war - war against an enemy, an oppressor, war for freedom, justice, etc. Indeed, they see themselves as rightful governments fighting for their lawful rights. And, as established governments, they pursue their wars by destroying people and property. The means of destruction in the hands of terrorists are, however, much less powerful and versatile than those in the hands of established governments. And this dictates the targets, which terrorists choose to hit. Terrorists bomb offices and shopping centers, not because they want to kill innocent people, but because they want to hit enemy targets. The fact that shops and offices contain people who have nothing to do with whatever cause the terrorists might be fighting is overshadowed by

Introduction to Social Research Methods-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically analyze the workplace bullying that occur in an Operating room. Answer: Introduction Workplace bullying is a repeated phenomenon in which a person experiences ill treatment from the people in the workplace, such occurrences lead to harm a person mentally and physically. There are several different types of bullying which includes physical abuse, nonverbal, verbal, psychological humiliation. Workplace bullying is different from the bullying that occur in schools. Workplace bullying occur within the established framework of rules in an organization and workplace. Studies reveal that the occurrences of bullying often occur when the person who is getting bullied is authoritatively lower than the person who is bullying. Whereas, bullying also occurs among the peers and also within the subordinates (Nielsen Einarsen, 2012). Bullying is of two types; one is overt bullying another is covert bullying. The ill effects of bullying are not restricted to the affected person, but it also affects the culture in an organization and also the work ethics among the employees. There ar e a lot of researches and studies conducted on the occurrence of bullying in an organization and also bullying occurring at the group level. These researches mainly focus on the effects and the impacts of bullying on the affected person (Samnani Singh, 2012). This study also deals with one such research journal on the workplace bullying in the operating room. The aim of the study includes critical assessment of the how the author depicted bullying in the paper, a critical discussion on the sampling techniques, the methods used during the data collection and how the data was analyzed. Background and significance The Author emphasized on the negative effects of workplace bullying as the main rationale behind the study. Workplace bullying is a repeated, totally intentional and isolated sequence of events that lead to negative impacts of the proper working environment on an organization or in a hospital. According to Branch, Ramsay Barker (2013), the workplace bullying is categorized solely as personal and work related. Certain behaviors that are considered unacceptable in the workplace include isolating, excluding and ignoring an individual, humiliating a person in front of a group of coworkers, undermining a persons integrity, using slangs against a person in a workplace, openly attacking a persons religious belief and making bad remarks upon a persons community and skin color, and even the physical abuse is considered as a workplace bullying. Along with these mentioned practices in the workplace, there are other type of bullying in the workplace which are work related, like imposing works t hat are hard to perform and have impractical deadlines, imposing tasks on an employee which are beyond the expertise of the concerned employee, also another wrong practice is taking the credits of another persons hard work, and criticizing and relieving a person from the responsibility. It is a known fact that acknowledging the workplace bullying among the nurse is a difficult part to consolidate (Berry et al., 2012), there are several studies conducted upon the workplace bullying among the nurses, however the methodologies followed in such studies is different. Hence, a comparison cannot be established within the studies. Also, the several studies conducted is based on different sampling techniques in the different healthcare environments. Studies reflect that, in a workplace the newly graduated nurses experience 20% to 32%, while in the emergency departments the incidence of bullying is around 22.9%. A study conducted among the British population of nurses, showed a remarkably hig her incidence of bullying is found to be experienced by the nurses which is around 35.8%. The data is exceptionally high among the newly graduated nurses in comparison with the nonprofessional and professional coworkers. While studies conducted among the Turkish nurses revealed that 20% of nurses reported about intentional bullying. According to Park, Cho Hong (2015), the operating room is considered as a part of the workplace in hospitals within which disruptive behaviors, interpersonal conflict, bullying behaviors and stress are common occurrences. There are several terminologies that are used to define bullying under several circumstances like lateral violence, peer incivility, disruptive behaviors, workplace incivility and horizontal violence. Study conducted among the perioperative registered nurses revealed that reveal that perioperative registered nurses behave negatively, and another issue is that often perioperative RNs criticize the work of the other employee in front of other coworkers. According to Frederick (2014), a higher incidence of workplace bullying in found in the perioperative environment. Also from the same study, the disruptive behaviors affected the work quality and increased the medical errors. Aims and objectives of the study The aims and objectives of the study are segregated into four different points. The first aim of the study is to illustrate the prevalence of workplace bullying within the perioperative registered nurses, unlicensed perioperative workers, surgical technicians at the two-different academic medical hospitals. The second aim is to investigate whether ethnicity, gender, years of profession, years of experience within a unit, and the title of the job can envision the incidence of workplace bullying. the third aim is to investigate whether there is a positive relation between the emotional exhaustion and workplace bullying within the perioperative registered nurses and staff members. The fourth aim is to investigate whether there is any relation between the workplace bullying and patient safety in the operating room (Chipps et al., 2013). Research methodology Conceptual model The Author during the conduct of the research, used a model which is based on a model developed by Hutchinson et al (2010). The model emphasizes on the presence of organizational antecedents which lets the bullying to coexist in the work environment. Organizational antecedents include several others factors which consolidate the effect of workplace bullying. These factors include unofficial organizational alliances, maltreatment of the legitimate procedures, authority and processes. Unofficial organizational alliances include the formation of groups of workers that promote an environment which is favorable for workplace bullying. Managers, who can actively control the bullying is himself engaged in the activity. While the managers are authorized to control such ill activities, are engaged in the misuse of the authority. These activities are an overall effect of the unofficial existence of informal alliances that promotes workplace bullying. According to Hutchison et al. (2010), the b ullying acts are categorized into 3 different domains: personal bullying, bullying through the works or tasks assigned, bullying on the competence and reputation. Personal bullying includes the acts of humiliation, isolation, intimidation and threats. The work-related humiliation includes hindrances in work, economic sanctions. While bullying on competence and reputation includes tarnishing the professional image and hindering the career opportunities. The activities of bullying become normal in a workplace when bullying is accepted as a friendly behavior in the work group. The consequences of bullying include unwillingness and distress during work, it makes the employees less engaged resulting in the reduction of productivity. There are other consequences which are reported by the affected individuals which include higher levels of anxiety, interruptions and depressions during the progress of career (Rodwell Demir, 2012). Study design The Author designed a cross-sectional survey. The sample size included 167 registered nurses, unlicensed perioperative workers that are working in operating room, surgical technicians at the 2 academic medical institutions. There is also an exclusion criterion which includes the employees who have worked under 6 months and the employees who work less than half percentage of work for a week. Workplace bullying was measured using a Revised- Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) (Vogelpohl et al., 2013). the NAQ-R was developed to measure the exposure to bullying in any kind of work setting. The respondents were asked whether they experienced any bullying within the preceding 6 months by answering the 22 questions in the questionnaire. While the terms harassment and workplace bullying were not used in the questionnaire instead bullying was mentioned as negative acts. How frequent the respondents experienced the negative behavior was actually documented in the answer section, and the valid ity of the answers was determined with the Cronbach alpha score (Eisinga, Te Grotenhuis Pelzer, 2013), which ranged between 0.80 to 0.91. Emotional exhaustion was measured as part of the study through the emotional exhaustion subscale Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). This scale measures the emotional distress during the job. The participants were further asked to answer 23 questions among which 8 questions are based on the demographic information, 8 on the bullying behaviors and the remaining 7 were based on estimating the expectations, errors and patient safety. The data accumulated from the two-different academic medical hospitals were collected and further used for data analysis. Procedure of data collection After getting the approval from both the hospitals, then the research team conveyed the data collection methodology to the perioperative nurse managers and conducted meetings with the perioperative staffs. The sole purpose is to introduce the whole procedure to the eligible participants. Before the beginning of each and every survey the research team conveyed a clear message through a cover letter depicting the aims and objectives of that particular study. There was also an option for the participants to opt out of the study by not reverting the survey. These cover letters were sent to all the eligible participants (Chipps et al., 2013). The cover letters as returned by the participants from each of the hospitals kept confidential and these surveys were treated as data sets and were later used for statistical analysis. Data analysis For the data analysis the data accumulated were entered into the IBM SPSS statistics version 19.0 software. A descriptive statistic for each of the hospital was calculated based on the demographic data. For the categorical variables, Frequencies and percentages were calculated while for the continuous variables, standard deviation and means were calculated. The data collected through the NAQ-R were analyzed for the calculation of intensity, frequency as well as target scores. the frequency of workplace bullying is calculated by the adding the negative acts which are experienced by the participants on a daily or weekly basis. The Author considered the participants as targets of bullying when the participants experienced bullying or the negative acts twice of more than twice daily or weekly. A logistic regression model is used in order to determine that the demographic variables have a positive correlation with the target status (Allison, 2012). The target status is defined as no means zero whereas yes means one. The independent variables involve the individual demography of both the hospitals, registered nurses and the non-registered nurses, age, experience of the employees in terms of year in the medical unit, and ethnicity. In a similar fashion the author designed multiple regression model in order to determine that the demographic variables are signifying the intensity of bullying. the continuous bullying intensity is considered as a dependent variable while the other demographic variables were considered as independent variables. The author utilized the spearmans rank correlation coefficient to establish a relationship between emotional exhaustion and the participants experiencing the workplace bullying (Zionts, 2012). a logistic model is also developed which signifies which bullying tendencies resulted in to compromising the patient safety. Within this model, the dependent variable included the compromise of patient safety as no and yes responses with value s of zero and one respectively. Also, each of the negative responses from the NAQ-R is entered separately into the regression model. Critical assessment According to the author, workplace bullying is a repeated, totally intentional and isolated sequence of events that lead to negative impacts of the proper working environment on an organization or in a hospital. Workplace bullying is major problem which is occurring among the perioperative Registered nurses, unlicensed perioperative workers and surgical technicians in the operating rooms (OR). While the survey conducted did not have the words like bullying and harassment in the questionnaire, instead these words are substituted as negative acts. Bullying was measured or quantified based on the common demographic variables like the gender, ethnicity and age. The quantification was also based on other important factors like the years of profession and experience, years of experience in the particular medical unit, title of the job and the job role. While the study was completely based in the operating room of a hospital environment. It neglected the general occurrence of workplace envi ronment n the other types of working environment (Power et al., 2013). The study emphasized on the occurrences of bullying in the operating rooms which can be considered as a micro environment. Although the other aspects of bullying that occur within the other medical units and department of a hospital are not accounted and dealt. Thus, it can be said that although the studies related to bullying in the operating rooms were very minimal, and this particular gave a detailed and descriptive analysis. Yet it failed to highlight the other instances of bullying in different circumstances that arise due to medical emergencies in other units (Gokhman et al., 2012). The sampling process is kept confidential by delivering the cover letter to each of the participants through mail. The participants were employees from two different hospitals which included the perioperative nurses, surgical technicians and the unlicensed perioperative workers. It is important to mention that along with the above-mentioned personnel in the operating rooms, there are other personnel who have a contributory effect on the operating room environment. Like the scrub nurse, anesthesiologist, circulating nurse (Russ et al., 2013). These personnel are not taken in to account during the study, which somewhat decreases the effectivity of the study. The data collection methods were majorly based on the survey conducted through questionnaires that are based on the negative acts experienced by the participants. The study even has the option for the participants to opt out from the study process by not submitting the survey. This somewhat makes the sampling method lose its grip from the effective sampling size. The questions framed lacked the flexibility of expression. Other sampling methods like undisclosed interviews with the affected personnel can effectively highlight the exact cause of work place bullying. The analysis of the data is completely based on statistics and because it did not take into account of other sampling techniques like interviews (Rowley, 2012). Thus, the results reflected data based on the negative acts experienced by the respondents on a daily and weekly basis. Although the study has its drawbacks which are discussed above, the study does have strengths. The first major strength is that study on workplace bullying in operating room is not a well-researched field and not enough studies were done before. This particular study highlighted and revealed a lot of hidden aspects of workplace bullying in the operating room. The second major strength is that the workplace bulling not only affects the targeted person but it also has an equally negative impact on the patient health outcomes including the patient safety, mortality, satisfaction and as well as negative patient events (Laschinger, 2014). Conclusion Therefore, from the above study it can be concluded that workplace bulling is an unpleasant phenomenon that occurs within the workplace and work groups. The negative impacts of workplace bullying not only affects a targeted person mentally but also physically which hampers his or her productivity. Whereas, such occurrences in a medical unit can have serious impact on the health outcomes of the patients. The study focusses on the workplace bullying in operating room and it presented with a detailed an exhaustive analysis of the results. However, it failed to take into account the other personnel like scrub nurse, circulating nurse and anesthesiologist that work in an operating room. While the study had drawbacks in the method of sampling and representation, also it failed to suggest any effective remedy of workplace bullying. However, the study did mention about the negative impacts on the patient health outcome due to the incidence of bullying in the operating room. References Allison, P. D. (2012).Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application. SAS Institute. Berry, P. A., Gillespie, G. L., Gates, D., Schafer, J. (2012). Novice nurse productivity following workplace bullying.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,44(1), 80-87. DOI:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01436.x Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Barker, M. (2013). Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: A review.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(3), 280-299. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00339.x Chipps, E., Stelmaschuk, S., Albert, N. M., Bernhard, L., Holloman, C. (2013). Workplace bullying in the OR: Results of a descriptive study.AORN journal,98(5), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2013.08.015 Eisinga, R., Te Grotenhuis, M., Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown?.International journal of public health,58(4), 637-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3 Frederick, D. (2014). Bullying, mentoring, and patient care.AORN journal,99(5), 587-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2013.10.023 Gokhman, R., Seybert, A. L., Phrampus, P., Darby, J., Kane-Gill, S. L. (2012). Medication errors during medical emergencies in a large, tertiary care, academic medical center.Resuscitation,83(4), 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.10.001 Hutchinson, M., Vickers, M. H., Wilkes, L., Jackson, D. (2010). A typology of bullying behaviours: the experiences of Australian nurses.Journal of clinical nursing,19(15?16), 2319-2328. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03160.x Laschinger, H. K. S. (2014). Impact of workplace mistreatment on patient safety risk and nurse-assessed patient outcomes.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(5), 284-290. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000068 Nielsen, M. B., Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review.Work Stress,26(4), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709 Park, M., Cho, S. H., Hong, H. J. (2015). Prevalence and perpetrators of workplace violence by nursing unit and the relationship between violence and the perceived work environment.Journal of nursing scholarship,47(1), 87-95. DOI:10.1111/jnu.12112 Power, J. L., Brotheridge, C. M., Blenkinsopp, J., Bowes-Sperry, L., Bozionelos, N., Buzdy, Z., ... Madero, S. M. (2013). Acceptability of workplace bullying: A comparative study on six continents.Journal of Business Research,66(3), 374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.08.018 Rodwell, J., Demir, D. (2012). Psychological consequences of bullying for hospital and aged care nurses.International nursing review,59(4), 539-546. DOI:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01018.x Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews.Management Research Review,35(3/4), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210154 Russ, S., Rout, S., Sevdalis, N., Moorthy, K., Darzi, A., Vincent, C. (2013). Do safety checklists improve teamwork and communication in the operating room? A systematic review.Annals of surgery,258(6), 856-871. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000206 Samnani, A. K., Singh, P. (2012). 20 years of workplace bullying research: a review of the antecedents and consequences of bullying in the workplace.Aggression and Violent Behavior,17(6), 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.08.004 Vogelpohl, D. A., Rice, S. K., Edwards, M. E., Bork, C. E. (2013). New graduate nurses' perception of the workplace: have they experienced bullying?.Journal of Professional Nursing,29(6), 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.10.008 Zionts, S. (2012, December). MULTIPLE CRTTERTA DECISION MAKING. InMultiple Criteria Decision Making Theory and Application: Proceedings of the Third Conference Hagen/Knigswinter, West Germany, August 2024, 1979(Vol. 177, p. 150). Springer Science Business Media.

Walmart Diversity Essay Example

Walmart Diversity Paper | Wal-Mart’s Diversity| Course Research Paper| | Alicia B. Clennan| 647 Pilgrim Dr. San Antonio, [emailprotected] com210-912-4537GM 591: Leadership and Organizational BehaviorProfessor Marco  Faggione| 12/12/2010 | Wal-Mart’s Diversity Introduction The organizational that will be the topic of discussion in my final project paper is Wal-Mart Corporate. Wal-Mart was founded in 1962, with the opening of the first Wal-Mart discount store in Rogers, Ark. The company incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc on Oct 31, 1969. The company grew to 276 stores in all states by the end of the decade. In 1983, the company opened its first Sam’s Club membership warehouse and in 1988 opened the first supercenter. Wal-Mart became international company in 1991 when it opened its first Sam’s club. Wal-Mart serves customers and members more than 200 million times per week at more than 8,692 retail units under 55 different banners in 15 countries. With fiscal year 2010 sales of $ 405 billion, Wal-Mart employs 2. 1 million associates worldwide. I am a sales associate at Wal-Mart in the jewelry department. I was hired in June of 2010 and I was not familiar with the corporation yet. However, I recognize how well the organization performs. Wal-Mart believes that business wins, when everyone matters and the true strength of diversity is unleashed, when each associate is encouraged to reach their full potential. As for as with Wal-Mart’s Diversity, personally I am not so familiar and only experience in a not so much with their purpose due to being employed in a span of four months. Research shows other issues with Wal-Mart’s ethical diversity. Wal-Mart is always under the microscope when it comes to discrimination. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Diversity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Evidence shows that there are complaints about favoritism, sexual harassment, and gender discrimination. These unethical issues are a problem in today’s occupation society. Problem Statement Wal-Mart has been a target of criticism for its employment practices and its effect on the larger economy and community. There are several incidents mentioned on the web and in court cases. At my Wal-Mart, I have noticed favoritism. Favoritism between managers and employees is a big problem in Wal-Mart. One way of thinking of favoritism is getting called to do the more responsibility type of work. This is like trying to be friends with the boss to get higher in the employment ladder. The managers seemed to have certain picks between subordinates about who gets the special attention. Like I said, I have noticed this act at my Wal-Mart. Most of the night shift girls are friends with one of the night managers at my Wal-Mart. I noticed them going out of their way to please this supervisor. There is an organization called Wal-Mart Watch which began a nationwide public education campaign to challenge the world’s largest retailer, Wal-Mart, to become a better employer, neighbor, and corporate citizen. This organization lets employees (former and present) leave blogs on â€Å"Wal-Mart Speaks Out† discussing issues they see in their Wal-Mart. One individual with the initial RR wrote writes: I was passed over at least five times for promotions because the only people that were getting promotions were the drinking buddies of a manager. She has since been fired; I was a union steward for 20 years in California and have never seen such disregard for labor laws. In this town, in retail if you are injured at work you are fired; this doesn’t only happen at Wal-Mart in [Colorado], it happens at all the grocery stores. I am outraged that they aren’t being forced to treat their employee’s better. With this information, it is unaccepted in the workforce. This can be considered unprofessional relationship in the workforce. It is almost as serious as a manager or a supervisor is having an affair with one of their workers. Favoritism also leads to other problems. These other problems have been reported of happening. Sexual harassment and discrimination for males vs. females have been reported about Wal-Mart. Several cases have been seen through the court systems. One example that will be mentioned later on in the report is of a sexual harassment case that took place in Crosby, TX. Another example that I will mention about in the discrimination of female workers, is about a gender discrimination lawsuit that was the largest in U. S. history. It happened to be about women not getting promoted and pay equally to men. Sexual harassment in the workforce is unacceptable. Wal-Mart has its share of complaints. In Crosby, TX, a former Wal-Mart employee had sued Wal-Mart for sexual harassment from her supervisor. Theil (2008) reported that a former employee named Jenna Aryain of Wal-Mart was sexually harassed by her supervisor. The incident happened on February 25, 2005 as a cashier. Aryain said that for four months her supervisor, Darrel Hays allegedly subjected her to appalling remarks every day. Her supervisor committed her about her looks and made sexual advances to her. Ms. Aryain allegedly complained to another supervisor and no action was taken by Wal-Mart. On June, 20, 2005, her supervisor allegedly yelled at her during work. She left work early that day and told her parents what had happened. Her father called the store manager, Gwendolyn Furr and Chelly Whiddon, an assistant manager, to arrange a meeting to discuss what was going on. Supervisors are much as guilty as the employee. Most supervisors have favorite employees that they count on with certain tasks. When an energetic employee is in your organization, most supervisors call upon them to do the task because they know that it will get done. Your other employees may have the same qualities as the energetic person so they felt left out. (Bielous, 1997) Literature Review Sexual Harassment Prevention Training Manual for Managers and Supervisors by Gibson (1998) guides the upper management on the importance of a sexually harassed free work environment. It lets managers know that the best defense for the sexually harassment subject is an offensive approach. There are actions that companies must take in order to eliminate sexual harassment. By creating a zero tolerance policy against sexual harassment and other inappropriate conduct by company managers and supervisors. Why is it important that managers and supervisors learn this subject? There is an automatic liability on the company if a manager or a supervisor is accused of sexual harassment or doesn’t stop it from happening. There is a law that makes it clear that prevention and elimination of sexual harassment is a must in the workplace. Gibson (1998) also writes that if a victim started the conversation of sex talk that they can claim sexual harassment at any time. A hostile work environment can be considered abusive if the behavior becomes severe or pervasive. Flirting or vulgar language is merely annoying and may not be hostile enough to take legal action, but it usually considered prohibited by company policy. Also a romantic relationship between management and subordinates is not against the law. If one does exist it cannot get out of hand. Getting out of hand may be determined as favoritism in the workforce. The relationship must be consensual between both parties in order to prevent harassment. A hostile environment in the workplace can consist of sexual play while on the clock. In the handbook that Gibson (1998) wrote, he mentions steps a company can take in preventing sexual harassment. First off, a company needs to have a strict written policy prohibiting sexual harassment. The policy should also define, provide examples, outline a procedure for reporting with several avenues to bypass his or her supervisor, mention assurance that all cases will be taken seriously, guarantee all cases have adverse consequences like discharge to the harasser, and all supervisory personnel to immediately report and sexual harassment. Along with a written policy, the company must train each employee on sexual harassment to avoid any pitfalls. The company needs establish an effective procedure for handling sexual harassment complaints. One good idea mentioned is to designate two individuals, one male and one female, in handling the complaints. Some individual feel more comfortable talking to someone of the same sex. Monitoring your management staff for anti-harassment behavior is a good idea or even including EEO preventive practices in daily routines. The organization should quickly investigate all claims and observed conduct. Feel free to give the victim time off to gather their thoughts to prevent them from quitting or suing the company. Separating the victim from the harasser may sound like a good idea, but be careful in where you put the victim. If the victim doesn’t like the area because of disadvantages of moving, it could be considered retaliation. The organizations should take all complaints seriously, even though it did happen five years ago. The employee can’t sue because of the time length; still the organization can make sure that the incident still needs to be controlled. The organization needs to have all sexually harassment cases documented for legal reasons. Valid documents may consist of statement from witnesses, complainant, and the alleged harasser. Other documents may include what the employer did to resolve the conflict. The company should make sure all confidentiality be taken to prevent further liability. Upper management should make sure that no retaliation takes place. In chapter eight, Gibson (1998) mentions an effective way to handle the complaint of sexual harassment. The organization needs to take the complaint seriously. Don’t be judgmental about the case even if the complaint comes from a chronic complainer. The company can be liable on how they handle the sexual harassment complaint. Try to put the victim at ease and assure with confidentiality. Assure the victim that non-retaliation is intolerable and should be reported. Handle all cases with action even though the victim asks that no action should take place to the harasser. The company can still be held reliable. Conducting an in-depth sexual harassment investigation can be difficult Gibson (1998) mentions. An immediate investigation by a neutral person should be handled as quickly as possible. This person is usually a member of the HRO or EEO. Other managers or supervisors should know what is going on in case they are asked to assist. Keep an investigation under general guidelines such as treating all cases separate, keep them valid until proven frivolous, protect the victim from further harm, document complete and accurate, keep all fact a â€Å"need to know† basis, limit the number of people who have access to the information, tell all parties to keep the case confidential, and never broadcast the facts as a training tool. If the case of the harassment to be found true, take prompt corrective action. Consider case by case on the severity of punishment to the harasser. If the victim doesn’t get discharge, warn them that next time a discharge will occur. Inform all results to effective parties in order to protect privacy. Make sure you follow up on all cases to make sure no one has been retaliated. Sometimes the investigator may come to some special circumstance when trying to resolve situations. If the accused wants a lawyer, assure them that there is no need for one and they are not required to have one. Also if there was no witness to the alleged claim, the investigator must take the credibility of the parties when determining the outcome. If the claim can’t be determined if it happened or not, then education to both parties must take place about sexual harassment. Further assure the victim that his or her employment conditions won’t be retaliated. Make sure the complaint is filed for legal reasons. If the claim turns out to be false, determine if the person deliberately lied or simply misread the conduct. Disciplining someone who misinterpreted the action may think they were retaliated, and the company could be held responsible. The law for gender discrimination makes it clear on what is expected in the workforce. Corporations are abided to follow laws and regulations in the United States. US Code Section 2000E-2: Unlawful employment practices (a) Employer practices It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individuals race, color, religion,sex, or national origin; or (2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Analysis Ethical concept in the workforce keeps the organization is regarded as good character and conduct. We need to make ethical decisions based on focuses of moral dilemmas. Moral problems is that of an ethical consequences of a decision that was made. Ethical leadership is a responsibility that managers and supervisors must abide by. These responsibilities may include caring, honesty, principled, fairness, and balanced choices. Favoritism, does not match under those qualities. Favoritism is the soul issue that Wal-Mart faces today. I have seen favoritism in my workplace. Also favoritism is being viewed at all Wal-Marts around the world. With the other issues that Wal-Mart faces, sexual harassment and gender discrimination, favoritism is usually the root of the problems. Favoritism is more likely to be inevitable in any organization. Organizations should try to reduce them as much as possible. Emotional conflict is difficulties within oneself that arises because of anger, mistrust, dislike, fear, and resentment. Emotional conflict can the energy out of a person and can be distracting. You may see this emotional distress in teams, among co-workers, and in superior-subordinate relationship. There are certain levels of the conflict. One level of conflict you may have is interpersonal conflict. This is a conflict between two or more people. Sexual harassment may become an interpersonal conflict. When your supervisor makes sexual remarks or advances to an employee, conflict arises. When sexual harassment occurs it puts emotional stress on the victim. The victim feels anger toward the incident. Sexual harassment is intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. That person will start feeling resentment in that did she do something wrong to cause the harassment. Effects of sexual harassment can vary depending on the individual, and the severity and duration of the harassment. Often, sexual harassment incidents fall into the category of the merely annoying. However, many situations can, and do, have life-altering effects particularly when they involve severe/chronic abuses, and/or retaliation against a victim who does not submit to the harassment, or who complains about it openly. Indeed, psychologists and social workers report that severe/chronic sexual harassment can have the same psychological effects as rape or sexual assault. Stereotyping is a commonly held popular belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of stereotype and prejudice are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. Gender diversity is the proportion of males to females in the workplace. Corporations may have more of an even distribution or the employee pool is composed of mostly males or mostly females. This can have an effect on how people interact and behave with one another in the workplace and would impact culture and social environment. Similarly other demographics such as population, racial characteristics and such all contribute to the work environment. Though gender discrimination and sexism refers to beliefs and attitudes in relation to the gender of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences. Sex discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. Discrimination of that nature in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Currently, discrimination based on sex is defined as adverse action against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. This is considered a form of prejudice and is illegal in the United States. Wal-Mart’s reports on gender discrimination of women in their corporation are illegal and should be taken care of. Like every class-action ruling, the certification should not be construed in any manner as a ruling on the merits or the probable outcome of these cases. When these cases arose back in 2001, women were getting 79 cents to every dollar a man made. (Friedman, 2010) Solutions There are solutions that could be used in order to correct the problem Wal-Mart faces. Training, discipline, and monitoring of all employees of Wal-Mart are the best steps in the right direction. If done right, Wal-Mart can start becoming a more successful corporation that others can follow. The corporation needs to take steps in training everyone in the organization on the right and wrong things to do when it comes to diversity. Having quarterly training will give each employee an implant of the things that are wrong. Being an ethical corporation involves everyone. First, start with training your supervisors about the right and wrongfulness of favoritism in the workforce. Tell them that even the little things may be perceived as playing favoritism. Cautioned them about the negative reactions of an extra relationship between supervisor and a subordinate can lead in the wrong direction. Also keep reminding your employees the zero tolerance policy about sexual harassment. Assure people that there will be consequences if supervisors abuse their power. Wal-Mart needs to let their employees that there will be no retaliation if reports are being filed. Let your employees know that gender discrimination is all in the past. Your employees would like to know if they are being paid the same amount. Let you employees know what the pay scale is in your organization. Train your employees on the right and wrong of gender discrimination. Training has its pros and cons. The good thing about training the material is that it gets the information out there to the right people. A people need to here that there are rules and regulations that corporation has to abide by. The bad thing about training is that it can take up a lot of time while people are training. Discipline is another possible solution. Strict guidelines and closure of all cases will ensure everyone is treated equally. Make sure that if someone is sexually harassed that the supervisor or anyone in the organization will be punished. Make sure the punishment is fair and justified. Treat each case upon severity of the case. Like training, discipline also has its pros and cons. Discipline will let everyone in Wal-Mart know that the company is not playing around when it comes with sexual harassment. One thing bad about discipline is that one person may view the severity differently than another person in your organization. Then punishment may be differently and the victim may think that the harasser got off scot free. Frequent monitoring of all your employees is another way we can solve the problem at Wal-Mart. Managers should more frequently review those security cameras. Make rounds to your entire departments and ask questions about how everything is doing. Make sure you not just talk to the supervisors; also talk with all of your staff, even the janitor. The good thing about monitoring is that you can interact to your staff and it lets them know you care about them. Sam Walton would love this idea. The bad thing is that the manager will lose valuable time in his office handling paperwork. Reflection Viewing Wal-Mart after writing this report has a much more meaning to me when I go to work. I can start using my ideas to make a difference in the work place. I can spread my knowledge to my fellow workmates. I can let them know how important it is too seek help if there are any problems. Works Cited Alvarez, F. , Moser, A. (2010). Targeting Employers for Gender-Based Pay and promotion Discrimination: The Next Big Thing?. Employee Relations Law Journal, 36930, 46-53. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. Bielous, G. (1997). Do you play favorites?. Supervision, 58(8), 9. Retrieved form MasterFILE Premier database. Friedman, E. (2010, April). Appeals Court Rules Wal-Mart Sex Discrimination Case Can Go to Trial. Retrieved from http://abcnews. go. om/WN/Business/wal-mart-sex-discrimination-case-trial/story? id=10480510 Gibson, P. , (1998). Sexual Harassment Prevention Training Manual for Managers ans Supervisors: How to Prevent and Resolve Sexual Harrassment complaints in the Workplace. Employment Human Resources management Professional Series. Chicago CCH Incorpated. Ozbilgin, M. Pringle, J. (2009). Equality, Diversity and Inclusion at Work: a Research Companion. Cheltenham,UK , Northampton, MA Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Thiel, J. (2008). Harassment Claim Advances. HRMagazine, 53(10),99. Retrieved from Business Source complete database.

Arguments against spanking Essays - Parenting, Childrens Rights

Arguments against spanking Arguments against Spanking Spanking is one of the most common methods of discipline used by parents. Even though the very same parents do not condone hitting people, they believe that spanking is a quick and effective method for exterminating unwanted behavior or encouraging desired behavior (Ramsburg). Ironically, by using a violent and hurtful means of discipline, parents are instilling negative values in their children. Basically, it is immoral to spank children. Furthermore, the moral consequences of spanking children has lifelong adverse effects. was very heartbreaking. Parent should think on negative side of spanking. First of all, spanking has a dangerous effect on childrens mind. Parents dont realize that by hurting their children physically they also hurt them mentally. At a young age, the effect of spanking remains in childrens minds forever and becomes an unforgiving part of their personalites. Spanking may develop mental health problems, such as depression and suicidality. According to Greven's theory," Depression is often a delayed responce to the supression of childhood anger from being physically hit and hert by adults whom the child loves and on whom he or she depends on furturance and life itself"( Greven, 1991,p129) When I was in a middle school,I had one friend whose parent always beat him for small problems. This was one of the reason why he became very introverted fearful and insecure in himself person. He belived that he was not good at anything because his parents spanked him. I saw him often in a sad mood. He was frustrated and was not able to do any thing accurately. Eventually, he got a depression . After some time he became mad and commited suicide. It was very heartbreaking. Yet many of my other friends would say, "I was spanked as a child and I came out Ok".That's true. But the implication is false. For instance,that's what my father was saying years ago, when he was resisting stopping smoking: "I've been smoking for 25 years, and I'm OK." He was one of the lucky ones; the death rate from lung cancer for heavy smokers is about 1 in 3. That same statistic means that two thirds will not get lung cancer. Parent should think of the negative sides of spanking. Spanking is also not good for childrens education. Spanking creates fear in children . This fear causes harmful effect on childrens education. Dr. Daniel Whiteside reported that Corporal punishment of children actually interferes with the process of learning (Plain Talk About Spanking). Because of the fear caused by spanking, children do not tell truth to their parents. They are afraid to tell what grades they get on exam because they knows that if parent does not satisfy with this grades,they will beat them.When I was a child, on fifth class exam I failed one subject. I was afraid of my father, so I did not tell the truth. Because I did not tell the truth to my father I could not further concentrate on my study. Fathers spanking nature distracted me whenever I tried to learned so something. Because of this, I also failed the final exam of fifth class. I believe that parents should understand the circumstances for their childrens bad grades. Spanking children may train them to use violence as a form of resolving problems. Parents think that if they beat their children, then their children will behave properly, but this is the wrong way of thinking.Children become violent as an effect of spanking. At a young age, children learn all things very fast weather it is good or bad. Hitting a child for punishment might make them think hitting is okay to use on their friends and family. Parents spank their children even if they do small mistake. As a result, children also hit other children if they do not behave well to them. In the long run, children became used to spanking. Then, they are not afraid of their parents. Eventually, they beat their own parents.They do not give respect to them. In childhood, my parents always beat my younger brother because he never listened to them. After some time, he became used to it and became a violent person. He always beat others and did whatever

Invariable French Adjectives

Invariable French Adjectives In French, adjectives normally have to agree with the nouns they modify in gender and number. However, there are numerous adjectives which dont agree - they have a single form that does not change to reflect the gender or number of the noun. These are called invariable adjectives. Invariable Color Adjectives French color adjectives derived from nouns, such as animals, flowers, fruits, gems, and metals, are usually invariable:amarante  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  amaranthine (dark purple-red)ardoise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  slate-greyargent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  silveraubergine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eggplantauburn  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  auburnbrique  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  brick-redcanari  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  canary yellowcaramel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  caramel-coloredcarmin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  carminecerise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cherry redchair  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  flesh-coloredchampagne  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  champagnechocolat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  chocolate-browncitron  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lemon-yellowcrà ¨me  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cream-coloredemeraude  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  emerald greengrenat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  garnetindigo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  indigokaki  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  khakilavande  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lavenderlilas  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lilacmarine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  navy bluemarron  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  brownnoisette  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hazelocr e  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ochreolive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  olive-greenor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  goldorange  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  orangepastel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pastelpervenche  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  periwinklepie  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (magpie) - piebald, black and whitepistache  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pistachio-greenplatine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  platinumprune  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  plumpuce  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (flea) - pucerouille  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  rust-coloredrubis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ruby redsable  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sandy, sand-coloredsafran  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  saffron-coloredsaphir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sapphire-bluesaumon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  salmon-pinktabac  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tobacco brownturquoise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  turquoisevermillon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  vermilionExceptions:   alezan (chestnut), fauve (tawny/fawn), incarnat (rosy), mauve, pourpre (crimson), rose (pink), vermeil (vermillion),and violet are variable according to the normal rules of agreement  chà ¢tain (chestnut brown) is semi-invariable - it usually agrees in number, but rarely in gender Multiple Colors When two or more colors describe a noun, they may or may not agree:1) If there are items of each individual color, the adjectives agree:   des drapeaux bleus, blancs, rouges - red, white, and blue flags (some are red, some are white, and some are blue)des chapeaux rouges et noirs - red and black hats (some are red and some are black) 2) If each item has all of the colors, the adjectives are invariable des drapeaux bleu, blanc, rouge - red, white, and blue flags (e.g., French flags)des chapeaux rouge et noir - red and black hats This is one instance where agreement is useful, because it gives you more detail than what is available in the English translation. Compound Colors When adjectives of color are modified by another adjective or a noun, the adjectives are invariable:une jupe gris clair  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  light gray skirtdes gants violet foncà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dark purple glovesune couleur rouge-orange  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reddish-orange colordes yeux bleu-vert  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  blue-green eyesune voiture vert pomme  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  apple-green cardes fleurs rouge tomate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tomato-red flowers Adjectives Borrowed From Other Languages French adjectives borrowed from other languages are usually invariable:ad hoc  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ad hoca priori  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a prioriantitrust  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  anti-trustbaby  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  babybeat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  beatnikcantilever  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cantilevercharter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  chartercheap  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheap  (poor quality)clean  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cleancool  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  coolcurriculum vitae  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  curriculum vitae, rà ©sumà ©dance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  related to dance musicdesign  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  designerdestroy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  destroyed, trashed, wildexpress  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  related to espressofahrenheit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fahrenheitfree-lance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  freelancefun  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  funfunky  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  funkfurax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  furiousglamour  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  glamorousgold  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  gold(en)gore  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  gorygratis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  freegroggy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  groggyhalal  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  halal  (in accordance with sharia principles)hi-fi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hi-fihigh-tech  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  high-techhot  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hot (jazz)kascher  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  kosher (in accordance with Judaic principles)kitsch  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  kitschindoor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  indoorinuit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inuitjazzy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  jazz, related to jazzkif-kif  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  same, identicalkitsch  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  kitschlambda  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  averge, typicallight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  light, low in caloriesmarengo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marengooffset  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  offsetoffshore  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  offshoreout  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  out  of touch, (tennis) outpeople  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  celebritypop  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pop  (music, art)pro forma  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pro formapunk  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  punkrecord  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  recordrelax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  relaxed, informal, laid backrevolving  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  revolvingselect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  select, high-clas s, poshsexy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sexysnob  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  snobby, snobbishsolo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  solosoul  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  soul  (music)sport  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  casual, athletic (clothes, shoes)spot  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (economics) spotstandard  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  standardstand-by  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  stand-bysterling  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (pound) sterlingtango  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  bright orangetop  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  great, besttrash  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trashy, base, tastelessvaudou  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  voodoovidà ©o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  videowaterproof  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  waterproofzen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zen

Sec & terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sec & terrorism - Essay Example Historically, the U.S. identity has always been a benchmark by which threats to security are perceived. As Campbell (1998) informs, U.S. foreign policy has demonstrated that where the existence of alternative identities challenges the belief that the U.S. identity could be the ideal identity, this is often construed as a threat to security. In other words, security risks are interpreted as a means of establishing the U.S. identity (Campbell, 1998). Campbell’s conceptualization of the close relationship between U.S. identity and security is consistent with the constructivist account of international relations. For example, Wendt (1999) argues that state actors establish identities within an international social structure. How the state views its identity and how other states view the state’s identity shape and direct international politics and relations (Wendt, 1992). Using the constructivist account of international relations, this paper will argue and demonstrate the c lose connection between identity and security in U.S. foreign policy during the period of the Cold War is clearly established. However, during the detente phase of the Cold War, it appears as though U.S. security is less connected to identity but rather more closely connected to materialism. This paper is divided into two main parts. The first part of this paper provides an overview of the theory of constructivism in international relations. The second part of this paper will analyse the close connection between identity and security in U.S. foreign policy during the period of the Cold War and the fragility of that connection during the period of detente. The Theory of Constructivism in International Relations Constructivists, like neoliberal and neorealist theorists attempt to understand the drivers of state behaviour. However, constructivists are distinguished from neorealism and neoliberalism in that constructivists do not â€Å"ignore† the â€Å"content and sources of st ate interests and the social fabric of world politics† (Checkel, 1998, p. 324). Essentially, neoliberalism, neorealism and realism are juxtaposed against constructivism in a paradigm articulated as materialism vs idealism (Barkim, 2003). In this regard, constructivists reject the realist/traditional view that state behaviour is driven and explained by material power (Barkim, 2003). For the constructivists, state behaviour and international politics are both socially constructed (Alder, 1997). State behaviour is explained by a number of underlying factors that subjectively form the basis of ideas that steer state behaviour through the acquisition of state identities and interests (Copeland, 2000). Where states share the same ideas and interests, this can constrain and modify the behaviour of a state. Thus in interacting with one another, states may reconstruct their identities and interests through what is referred to as a â€Å"socialising process† (Copeland, 2000, p. 1 90). It is via the socialising process that states identify, defend and protect their identities which in turn inform their objectives and roles within the international political order (Copeland, 2000). Constructivism offers a novel and expansive method for understanding how states perceive security dilemmas as it offers tools for conceptualizing â€Å"human consciousness, national identity† and state interests (Tsai, 2009, p. 19). When constructivism is used to understand how states interpret security

Criminology Report- The August 2011 Public Disorder-an analysis of the Essay

Criminology Report- The August 2011 Public Disorder-an analysis of the data on those bright before the courts - Essay Example The data presented in the filing fails to command authenticity and as the bulletin reports, the use of it should be under the understanding of its potential flows and is only viewed as approximations. The most observable features of the data as presented is the rounded off figures which therefore confirms the approximate nature of the data. The data presented covers factual records on court hearing data, data on ethnicity as well as age and gender and data on case classifications on area among others. Moreover, the distribution of the court proceedings between the court systems across the country is in record within the data presented. Nevertheless, it would be pointed out that the data presented fails to authoritatively quantify the number of offenders involved in each act of offence as was committed during the time. It is however acknowledged that the data presented was collected/retrieved from the administrative records as official statistics. This implies that though with the pos sible shortcomings pointed out in the discussion, the data can be used for research purposes as secondary data by the virtue of being official statistics. The report shows that the public violence involved many people who had disparities in age, gender and motives (Dodd, 2011). The report notes that on the basis of age, the public disorder involved 27% juveniles (aged between 10 and 17 years), 26% were aged 18-18 years while only an approximate of 5% of the offenders were above 40 years by age. In comparison with the age distribution of offenders previously convicted in similar offences in 2010, great disparities were observed from the 2011 statistics, majorly being on the numbers of offenders. Amongst 3103 defendants who faced initial trials in London magistrate courts, 27% were juveniles while the remaining 73% were adults. It is however to be noted that this was only 72% of the total accused persons because others

Pornography and human sexual variation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pornography and human sexual variation - Essay Example The philosophers behind the theories have also asked questions how, race social status, background and age affects the women in regards to their sexuality. Some of the books that try to explore this theory say that they can never be the female Viagra. This is because females have testosterone† (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The philosophy has four key points that it focuses on in trying to explain the difference between men and women in the society. These are gender difference, gender inequality, gender oppression and structural oppression (Crossman, 2013). Discussion In most cases when we hear of human sexual variation we only think of the two gender male and female. There is more to this variation ranging from interest to emotions. In addition to these, two other aspects like biological and spiritual aspects. The biological is obviously associated with the human reproductive system. For the woman stimulation of the body does not fire up the desire to have sex. The woman responds mo re to physical touch thus making her psychologically aroused (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The emotional and physical aspects are the main drive in determining how one sexual desire can be handled. It brings in other forces of attraction between male and female, which is considered normal. However when the interest focuses on same sex attraction hiccups begin. Experiments to explain social psychology started long time ago (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Internet porn has been comically quoted as bringing people together. This is because it does not matter what kind of dirty sexual thought you have. On the web, there will be someone to share with you (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Rule 34 exists secretly in Social media. Social... In most cases when we hear of human sexual variation we only think of the two gender male and female. There is more to this variation ranging from interest to emotions. In addition to these, two other aspects like biological and spiritual aspects. The biological is obviously associated with the human reproductive system. For the woman stimulation of the body does not fire up the desire to have sex. The woman responds more to physical touch thus making her psychologically aroused (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The emotional and physical aspects are the main drive in determining how one sexual desire can be handled. It brings in other forces of attraction between male and female, which is considered normal. However when the interest focuses on same sex attraction hiccups begin. Experiments to explain social psychology started long time ago (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Internet porn has been comically quoted as bringing people together. This is because it does not matter what kind of dirty sexual thought you have. On the web, there will be someone to share with you (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Rule 34 exists secretly in Social media. Social behavior when it comes to pornography has taken the greatest responsibility. From religious upbringing, human exposure at whatever degree is strongly bared (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The society does not condemn the relation between married couples because it is normal. However how they relate sexually it should not be made public. Currently these precautions are not highly considered.

Social Self And Its Manifestations Sociology Essay

Social Self And Its Manifestations Sociology Essay The self-concept involves how we think about and evaluate ourselves. In psychology self means the collection of cognitively held beliefs that a person possesses about themselves. However it is also seen that the self is an important tool with the help of which human beings make their mark in the society and manage themselves to satisfy and fulfil their needs. Traditionally the concept of self was seen as a tool which only represented the stable, genetically determined character or which later came to be called as personality. Though recently it was found that self keeps on evolving throughout the lifetime of person. With more developments in science and research it has been found that self is seen as dynamic and changeable, hierarchical, situationally and cognitively influenced and culturally constructed. In marketing field it is seen that every customer has a unique image of himself/herself. These self-images or perceptions of self have close relationship with personality, customers tend to buy those products and services whose images or personalities they can relate in a meaningful manner. The purpose of self is to gain social acceptance and play social roles, the society creates and defines roles, and the individual seeks and adopts them. For example farmer, soldier, businessman etc. are all various roles in a society pursued by individuals. Aristotle the Greek philosopher said man is by nature a social animal, an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual. This is where the social self comes into picture. In social self a significant portion of self and its behaviour are socially directed and influenced. The social self and socialization comprise of an intrinsic bond w hich is inseparable when it comes to identity formation. Socialization is imminent and inevitable consequence of human existence in society, the reason why an individual receives inclusion into society is to produce social and cultural continuity. Thus it is seen socialization plays a vital role in the prevalence of a culture and without adequate forms of socialization, culture may cease to exist. An individuals life depends on other individuals, human infants are born unable to care for themselves. Their survival depends on another individuals efforts. Thus the relation with individuals is the key not only to survive but also to fulfil needs, desires, attain success and reach highest potential. Sociology and marketing are closely interrelated. Marketing involves creating the value for people, making it accessible, retaining old customers and attracting new ones. It is hard to create and spread it without understanding human relations and behaviour of consumers. Once marketers understand how consumers think, what makes them tick, why do they choose specific products and services compared to other ones then they will be able to pitch their product/service in more efficient and visible manner. This in turn will be beneficial for the company as well, as with increase in sales profit will rise and eventually more and more consumers will begin to buy products/services. So sociology and marketing do not involve focus groups or media, they involve real life observations and digging into human nature and nature of interactions. Social media and the digital technology are just enhancers of social behaviour. Human beings just keep interacting and express themselves and their opinions, in the current scenario which is powered by technology that makes it wider and allows them to reach more people. The motivations remain the same as before social media belonging and conviviality, to mention two most relevant drivers. Development of concept of self has two aspects:- The existential self this is the most basic part of self-concept, sense of being separate and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of self. According to psychoanalysts the existential self begins as young as two to three old and rises in part due to relation the child has with the world. For example when the child smiles and someone smiles back. The categorical self the self can be put in categories such as age, gender, size or skill. In early childhood the categories children apply to themselves are very concrete. Later, self-description also begins to include reference to internal psychological traits, comparative evaluations and to how others see them. Social Self and Self Image:- The social self is simply any idea, or system of ideas, drawn from the social life that the mind cherishes as its own. The social self involves how the society perceives the individual, and the ideal social self involves how the individual would like the society to perceive him/her. In a society individuals are unique and different from one another however their self is thoroughly socially constructed. The social self can include ethnicity, gender, age, and place of residence or any other categorization that helps characterize a persons identity. There are two types of socialization: primary and secondary. Primary socialization involves the beginning stages of accepting social ideologies like for example a childs embrace into cultural practices and norms. Secondary type of socialization manifests on primary and becomes the true test of identification and the social self. The social self exists within the parameters of subjective reality, but selfhood is a part of larger objective rea lity that is intrinsically connected with socialization. Without socialization the social self and identity would not exist. Social self is on-going process combining the I and the me. In this on-going process social self is influenced by four factors:- The I the unpredictable and unorganised self. Me the image of the social self seen through other peoples reactions. The generalized other organized set of information about the general expectations and attitudes of a social group. Significant others a person or persons who have great influence on ones behaviour and self-esteem. The social self maintains complete cohesion based on its societal influences, the generalized other and primary socialization respectively. A number of theories explain how people become socialized and develop a sense of self. The looking-glass self refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image based on how the individual imagines he/she appears to others. Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image we project through their reactions to our behaviour. Seeing oneself as how others perceive is only the beginning. Eventually one sees how others see us, but also takes on or pretends to take the roles of others. This act of role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us. The figure on next page (fig-1) shows the hierarchy of social self and the various components that govern social self. Fig-1 Throughout history individuals have been thought to have a single self-image and to be interested as consumers, in products and services that satisfy that single self. When consumer behaviour is taken into consideration, the idea of individual embodying a number of different selves suggests that marketers should target their products and services to consumers within the context of a particular self. Every individual has a certain image of himself or herself with certain traits, skills, habits, possessions, relationships, and ways of behaving. Individuals develop their self-images through interactions with people, initially their parents and then other individuals or groups with whom they relate over the years. It is the image people create of themselves that is the psycho-cultural basis of their strengths and weaknesses, triumphs and failures. For a nations self-image tends to be self-fulfilling. If individual thinks that he/she will be defeated, then he/she has already lost the cause. If one thinks he or she is inferior, then one will tend to lower standards and will be satisfied. Negative self-images, whether individual or collective, can cause untold social and cultural damage. Human beings have nothing to lose by creating and working for the most exalted and inspiring images of themselves, because, as scholar Dr. Perlas any social self-image is a self-fulfilling prophecy anyway. Some people may ask how one person can be a potent force for social transformation, but as the prominent leader in Indian nationalism Mahatma Gandhi once remarked if you like the world to change, you can before by being the change you want to see in the world. Today, seemingly immutable ideas about people and organizations are being directly challenged and transformed on an unprecedented scale. Indeed, as human beings are moving towards a post-modern global society they are breaking out of their parochial perspectives and are recognizing that organizations in all societies exist in a wide array of types and species and functions within a dynamic spectrum of beliefs and lifestyles. A significant leading light towards this expansive direction is the illumination provided us by the profound insights of scholar Dr. Nicanor Perlas. His radical message is that organizations are products of human interaction and imagination rather than some blind expression of an underlying natural order.   This contemporary insight is still shattering many beliefs-one of which is the longstanding conviction that bureaucracy, oligarchy, and other forms of hierarchical domination are inevitable. In direct contradiction to materialist and behaviourist doctrine, w here everything is supposed to be governed from below upward through micro determinist stimuli and physiochemical forces, the new ideational view upheld by scholar Dr. Perlas gives subjective mental phenomena a causal role in brain processing and thereby a new legitimacy in science as an autonomous explanatory construct. Future reality, in his view, is permeable, emergent, and opens to the minds causal influence. That is, reality is conditioned, reconstructed, and often profoundly created through individuals anticipatory images, values, plans, intentions, beliefs, and the like.   To a far greater extent than is normally acknowledged, he asserts that human beings create their own realities through symbolic and mental processes and, because of this consciousness evolution of the future is a human option. It is the image of which in fact determines what might be called the current behaviour of any organism or organization. The image acts as a field. The behaviour consists in gravitat ing toward the most highly valued part of the field. By deliberately changing the internal image of reality, people can change the world. This is what led Einstein to admit that imagination is more important than knowledge. All individuals hold self-images, images of their race, profession, nation, and cultural belief systems; the underlying images held by a civilization or culture has an enormous influence on its fate. Human beings also have images of their own potential as well as the potential of others. According to mind-body studies, merely an anticipatory image, for example, of a hostile encounter can raise ones blood pressure as much as the encounter itself. Similarly, numerous new studies now show that consciously constructed images can lead directly to such things as blood glucose increases, increased gastric acid secretion, blister formation, and changes in skin temperature and pupillary size. The positive image of the future is the single most important dynamic and explanatory variable for understanding cultural evolution: Any student of the rise and fall of cultures cannot fail to be impressed by the role played in this historical succession of the future. The rise and fall of images of the future precedes or accompanies the rise and fall of cultures. As long as a societys image is positive and flourishing, the flower of culture is in full bloom. Once the image begins to decay and loses its vitality, the culture does not long survive. Digital trends set to trigger changes in the social self:- 1. The inner circle: Individuals seek to mirror their social personals in the digital world. But so far, digital has forced individuals to bring together not only their social selves, but also their professional and familial ones, and present a single persona to everyone they keep in contact with online. The average Facebook user has 130 friends, from best friends to new acquaintances. Examples:  Google circles, Facebook Groups, Twitter Lists 2. Personalized news: It is seen that human beings currently create more information in a year than they ever have historically. Understandably, overwhelmed by the plethora of information online, people need ways to navigate relevant information and choose what to read. Already, RSS feeds and social networks facilitate the process through integration with news sites that allow users to generate passive status updates by posting content to the wall. Now applications that sort content based on digital friendship are emerging. The result is social reading is the new standard in online content consumption. Examples:  Percolate, News.me, Flipboard, Zite 3. Rent: Today one can get more entertainment for less. The average Netflix user spends over 11 hours per month watching movies. Digital has changed the sense of ownership and the behaviour of renting is extending into categories beyond media and car rental where human beings realize that their use for certain products is limited and therefore does not warrant a purchase like for instance infant clothes or art for home or office interiors. Examples:  Plumgear.com, Artsicle.com 4. Seamless transactions: People are always demanding that their processes become more efficient, quicker and safer, especially when it comes to their bank account. People can now carry at least one screen with them at all times. 40% of US consumers own a Smartphone, which has becomes so much more than a phone. Transactions are quickly becoming fully integrated with screens in multiple ways, from paying with their phones to executing financial transactions. Examples:  Bitcoins, Google Wallet, Monitise, Square Card, Facebook Credits 5. Home, body, web: Technology is fast reaching a tipping point where it is both sufficiently small and affordable to allow people to monitor their bodies and adapt to their environment automatically. Peoples interest in leading healthier lifestyles, and automating the process through technology and sharing results and experience, is increasing dramatically. Examples:  Nest.com, Jawbone Up 6. Ubiquitous accessibility: Market researchers and data analysts have found that data storage capabilities double every two years, so the demand for data and data accessibility is huge. With the increase in cloud computing usage, physical storage space is becoming obsolete. People access data from multiple devices, whether at home or on the go. Not long ago people stored their digital files locally, but the development of the cloud allows them to store larger amounts online. This is a storage solution that will become more prevalent as companies allow cloud access and service offerings drop in price. Examples:  Bitcasa, DropBox, Google Docs, Instapaper, iCloud, SkyDrive 7. The reliable subscription: Human beings are creatures of habit and they want availability of the products they love in their busy lifestyle. In the past decades people have become an increasingly time-starved society, limiting their availability to maintain routines. Subscription services are utilizing this opportunity to greatest extent possible.  Examples:  ManPacks, PlaneRed, Lollihop, Memberly 8. Short-term nostalgic obsessions: Nostalgia has always been embedded in culture and society. People like to analyse their recent life through check-ins and status updates and to enhance their tactile experiences by bringing digital things to life. As people become more immersed in digital objects, their desire to revisit the not-so-recent past will increase. Examples:  Little printer, Instaprint 9. Location-based discovery: Seeing the same place through someone elses perspective enriches it with new meaning. Interactive websites and mobile social apps are helping people to make creative archives on locations. Examples:  Trover, Foursquare Radar, Google Maps, Tour Wrist 10. Control over data: Data has become an intricate part of human life. People are now able to quantify all their digital actions and more services catering to specialized activities have emerged. People are becoming aware of the value of the data they share online, and may start making decisions differently. Examples:  Ford  Sync, LastFM, Goodreads, reading.am, Voy.url Manifestations of self in online social networks:- Over the past 5 years, online social networking sites (OSNs) like Facebook and MySpace have become a central, virtually unavoidable medium for social interactions. OSNs started by catering to specialized communities and niche groups but have since expanded their reach substantially, permeating virtually every stratum and demographic group in the developed world. As such, they now provide fertile, ecologically valid, and empirically tractable domains in which to examine on-going, real-world phenomena and processes in social and personality psychology. To map out the basic connections between self and OSN behaviour, two descriptive exploratory studies are observed and studied to examine how traits are expressed on Facebook, currently the most widely used OSN in the world. The personality correlates of self-reported Facebook usage and ways in which personality traits are expressed in terms of observable information found on Facebook profiles are also studied as well as the extent to which observers are sensitive to the ways in which personality is manifested on profiles. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to describe the relationship between offline and online behaviour. The rich-get-richer hypothesis argues that individuals with pre-existing social structures and socially adaptive personalities will reap larger social benefits from Internet use and will use the Internet more for social communication than will individuals who are less socially adept. In contrast, the social-compensation hypothesis argues that individuals wh o struggle to make social connections in face-to-face interactions will use the Internet as a place to enhance their inter- personal lives by forging social relationships online. Some early research on aggressive behaviour online suggested that online personality could diverge from offline personality, but others have argued that those studies were based on forms of media in which users had no expectation for future interactions. Supporting the idea that online social processes mirror those conducted offline, recent research suggests that people largely use online tools to maintain their existing relationships, people who are liked in offline context are also liked online, and mirroring offline findings, those who use OSNs more frequently also possess greater social capital. Despite this research pointing to similar socialization processes in offline and online contexts, research focusing specifically on personality processes in online contexts is scarce. The deliberate processes by which personality traits become expressed in physical, aural, social, and virtual environments could play the same role in OSNs. Result and conclusion of the research:- In two studies, this research revealed a number of connections between personality and Facebook-related behaviour. Extraversion predicted not only self-reported frequency of Facebook usage, but also engagement in the site, with extraverts (vs. introverts) leaving observable traces of higher levels of OSN activity. Consistent with socialization in offline contexts, extraverts seek out virtual social contact and are more engaged during online social experience than are introverts. In the case of social networking sites, this engagement leaves behind a behavioural residue in the form of friend lists, picture postings, and so on. Similarly, rather than providing an opportunity for conscientious people to loosen their collar, OSNs may instead provide another haven in which low conscientious procrastinators can avoid getting down to work. Openness is also expressed as it is in the offline-world with evidence of exploring new activities, experiencing new people, and changing the photo- grap hic scenery. Thus, rather than being an escape from reality, OSN sites exist as a microcosm of peoples larger social worlds. The findings converged with other research to suggest that individuals are able to use observable profile information-be it the number of friends, photos, or another feature-to form accurate impressions of at least some basic personality traits. However, the research also showed that observers seemed to neglect some of the valid cues. These findings showing that some traits are manifested more clearly than others are consistent with the growing body of research showing that different traits are manifested in different contexts. Conclusion:- The society plays a crucial role in developing the self of an individual. Self has evolutionary as well as adaptable functions , the self can serve various psychological functions, having a self is not only knowing who you are, what you can do etc, but also how to get along in a group, observe and understand how to contribute in a group and make oneself visible and important figure. Everyone uses social comparison to understand how are they doing and how high or low do they stand in various situations. The social comparison is done to make oneself feel better by downward comparison and for improving oneself the individual has to look through upward comparison. The self-concept is formed from three major sources of information that humans obtain from others: words, feelings, and behaviours. What one thinks about oneself is often based on others comments, how one feels about oneself often comes from others emotional reactions towards individual and how an individual behaves is often in response to others reactions towards that individual. Another source of information that helps build or reduce self-concept is the set of internal standards used to judge ones performance. If these standards of ideal performance are too high, a person may feel that he or she does not measure up. Consequently, the person develops feelings that devalue a sense of worth, resulting in a low self-concept or self-image in that area. Children often learn these internal standards from watching how their parents, teachers, and peers judge their performance at school and at home. When social self is discussed, another important aspect is also considered which plays vital role in development of self, this aspect is socialization. Socialization is a sociological approach that attempts to explain how people learn cultural morals and the responses and emotions that differentiate human beings from animals that are driven merely by the drive to survive and reproduce. Socialization starts from the assumption that humans are more than animals that do whatever it takes to survive. Instead humans recognize that they are part of a group, and they observe other humans for guiding cues on how they should respond. When a baby is born it observes its mother to learn how emotions work and what the proper response to different events should be. Gradually as the child learns that it is a separate being from its mother and other humans it learns to think about its own reactions and responses and how they differ from those of other people. In this stage the child may deliberately test things out by trying a different response than the one approved by other people. Eventually, the child settles into a pattern of being able to regulate their own responses and empathize with what others want and how they respond. In this way socialization is a careful dance in which the developing human learns to balance their own independent desires and responses with those of t he people around them.

Which level of government should take the lead?

In ascertaining which between the federal government and the state and local government can best address the problems facing this nation, it is important that the pressing problems of the United States of America be identified first. Evidently, the most pressing problems of our nation today include job creation and economic growth, the war in Iraq, health care and social security, energy and the cost of gas, terrorism, illegal immigration and environment and global warming.When it comes to addressing the problem of job creation and economic growth, the lead should not be taken by any of the two levels of government since both the federal as well as the state governments must share the burden of dealing with the same. At the state or local level, intrastate commerce must be readily addressed. While interstate commerce must be facilitated by the federal government.The federal government however must be permitted to take the lead in addressing the problems of the war in Iraq, terrorism, illegal immigration energy and the cost of gas and the environment and global warming as these problems substantially involves foreign policy works that only the federal government is empowered to do. These problems require immediate attention and may oftentimes necessitate instant action which may only be delivered by the national government.On the other hand, the problems of health care and social security must be addressed by the state and local governments for the identification as well as the cure to these problems can best be addressed locally. It is within the realm of the power of the state and local governments to make measures to attend to the problems of health care and social security. Discuss the Davis Administration and how it affected the writing of the 1876 Texas Constitution.Governor Samuel Jackson Davis’ administration was perhaps the most controversial and unpopular one in Texas history. This may be because even his assumption to office was in the first in stance questionable. The backbone of his administration was the Texas Constitution of 1869 which provided for the centralization of power into the Governor’s Office and the expansion of governmental power. Davis’ term lengthened from the original two years to four years and his salary was significantly increased.Davis was able to have control over local state officials because of the vast appointing and removal powers granted to him by the constitution. The Davis administration was also criticized for levying unreasonably high taxes and incurring lavish government expenditures. Aside from his control over the State Police, the Constitution also empowered Davis to take charge of the State Militia which he both used to maintain law and order and compel local officials whenever they refused or failed to obey.His unpopularity was bolstered by immense corruption coupled with his declaration of martial law in some counties. Texans have always preferred decentralization, chea per government spending and abhorred the coercive force of the state police and the state militia and the declaration of martial rule. That is why in December of 1873, Texans replaced Governor Davis with a Democrat in the person of Richard Coke and subsequently rewrote their constitution.Texans promulgated the Constitution of 1876 which, up to this time, remains to be the fundamental organic law of Texas. It provided for shorter terms and lower salaries of elected officials, obliteration of voter registration, local control of schools, low taxation and less government expenditure. Although the governor was given the power to appoint, fill vacancies, and enforce the laws of the land, he was not given control over local or other elected state officials. The 1876 Texas Constitution vastly differed from its predecessor constitution. References: Longley, Robert. â€Å"Federalism: National Vs. State Government.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 . Webmaster. â€Å"The Handbook of Texas Online.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 .