Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Arguments against spanking Essays - Parenting, Childrens Rights
Arguments against spanking Arguments against Spanking Spanking is one of the most common methods of discipline used by parents. Even though the very same parents do not condone hitting people, they believe that spanking is a quick and effective method for exterminating unwanted behavior or encouraging desired behavior (Ramsburg). Ironically, by using a violent and hurtful means of discipline, parents are instilling negative values in their children. Basically, it is immoral to spank children. Furthermore, the moral consequences of spanking children has lifelong adverse effects. was very heartbreaking. Parent should think on negative side of spanking. First of all, spanking has a dangerous effect on childrens mind. Parents dont realize that by hurting their children physically they also hurt them mentally. At a young age, the effect of spanking remains in childrens minds forever and becomes an unforgiving part of their personalites. Spanking may develop mental health problems, such as depression and suicidality. According to Greven's theory," Depression is often a delayed responce to the supression of childhood anger from being physically hit and hert by adults whom the child loves and on whom he or she depends on furturance and life itself"( Greven, 1991,p129) When I was in a middle school,I had one friend whose parent always beat him for small problems. This was one of the reason why he became very introverted fearful and insecure in himself person. He belived that he was not good at anything because his parents spanked him. I saw him often in a sad mood. He was frustrated and was not able to do any thing accurately. Eventually, he got a depression . After some time he became mad and commited suicide. It was very heartbreaking. Yet many of my other friends would say, "I was spanked as a child and I came out Ok".That's true. But the implication is false. For instance,that's what my father was saying years ago, when he was resisting stopping smoking: "I've been smoking for 25 years, and I'm OK." He was one of the lucky ones; the death rate from lung cancer for heavy smokers is about 1 in 3. That same statistic means that two thirds will not get lung cancer. Parent should think of the negative sides of spanking. Spanking is also not good for childrens education. Spanking creates fear in children . This fear causes harmful effect on childrens education. Dr. Daniel Whiteside reported that Corporal punishment of children actually interferes with the process of learning (Plain Talk About Spanking). Because of the fear caused by spanking, children do not tell truth to their parents. They are afraid to tell what grades they get on exam because they knows that if parent does not satisfy with this grades,they will beat them.When I was a child, on fifth class exam I failed one subject. I was afraid of my father, so I did not tell the truth. Because I did not tell the truth to my father I could not further concentrate on my study. Fathers spanking nature distracted me whenever I tried to learned so something. Because of this, I also failed the final exam of fifth class. I believe that parents should understand the circumstances for their childrens bad grades. Spanking children may train them to use violence as a form of resolving problems. Parents think that if they beat their children, then their children will behave properly, but this is the wrong way of thinking.Children become violent as an effect of spanking. At a young age, children learn all things very fast weather it is good or bad. Hitting a child for punishment might make them think hitting is okay to use on their friends and family. Parents spank their children even if they do small mistake. As a result, children also hit other children if they do not behave well to them. In the long run, children became used to spanking. Then, they are not afraid of their parents. Eventually, they beat their own parents.They do not give respect to them. In childhood, my parents always beat my younger brother because he never listened to them. After some time, he became used to it and became a violent person. He always beat others and did whatever
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Invariable French Adjectives
Invariable French Adjectives In French, adjectives normally have to agree with the nouns they modify in gender and number. However, there are numerous adjectives which dont agree - they have a single form that does not change to reflect the gender or number of the noun. These are called invariable adjectives. Invariable Color Adjectives French color adjectives derived from nouns, such as animals, flowers, fruits, gems, and metals, are usually invariable:amarante     amaranthine (dark purple-red)ardoise     slate-greyargent     silveraubergine     eggplantauburn     auburnbrique     brick-redcanari     canary yellowcaramel     caramel-coloredcarmin     carminecerise     cherry redchair     flesh-coloredchampagne     champagnechocolat     chocolate-browncitron     lemon-yellowcrà ¨me     cream-coloredemeraude     emerald greengrenat     garnetindigo     indigokaki     khakilavande     lavenderlilas     lilacmarine     navy bluemarron     brownnoisette     hazelocr e     ochreolive     olive-greenor     goldorange     orangepastel     pastelpervenche     periwinklepie     (magpie) - piebald, black and whitepistache     pistachio-greenplatine     platinumprune     plumpuce     (flea) - pucerouille     rust-coloredrubis     ruby redsable     sandy, sand-coloredsafran     saffron-coloredsaphir     sapphire-bluesaumon     salmon-pinktabac     tobacco brownturquoise     turquoisevermillon     vermilionExceptions:  alezan (chestnut), fauve (tawny/fawn), incarnat (rosy), mauve, pourpre (crimson), rose (pink), vermeil (vermillion),and violet are variable according to the normal rules of agreement chà ¢tain (chestnut brown) is semi-invariable - it usually agrees in number, but rarely in gender Multiple Colors When two or more colors describe a noun, they may or may not agree:1) If there are items of each individual color, the adjectives agree:  des drapeaux bleus, blancs, rouges - red, white, and blue flags (some are red, some are white, and some are blue)des chapeaux rouges et noirs - red and black hats (some are red and some are black) 2) If each item has all of the colors, the adjectives are invariable des drapeaux bleu, blanc, rouge - red, white, and blue flags (e.g., French flags)des chapeaux rouge et noir - red and black hats This is one instance where agreement is useful, because it gives you more detail than what is available in the English translation. Compound Colors When adjectives of color are modified by another adjective or a noun, the adjectives are invariable:une jupe gris clair     light gray skirtdes gants violet foncà ©Ã‚     dark purple glovesune couleur rouge-orange     reddish-orange colordes yeux bleu-vert     blue-green eyesune voiture vert pomme     apple-green cardes fleurs rouge tomate     tomato-red flowers Adjectives Borrowed From Other Languages French adjectives borrowed from other languages are usually invariable:ad hoc     ad hoca priori     a prioriantitrust     anti-trustbaby     babybeat     beatnikcantilever     cantilevercharter     chartercheap     cheap (poor quality)clean     cleancool     coolcurriculum vitae     curriculum vitae, rà ©sumà ©dance     related to dance musicdesign     designerdestroy     destroyed, trashed, wildexpress     related to espressofahrenheit     Fahrenheitfree-lance     freelancefun     funfunky     funkfurax     furiousglamour     glamorousgold     gold(en)gore     gorygratis     freegroggy     groggyhalal     halal (in accordance with sharia principles)hi-fi     hi-fihigh-tech     high-techhot     hot (jazz)kascher     kosher (in accordance with Judaic principles)kitsch     kitschindoor     indoorinuit     Inuitjazzy     jazz, related to jazzkif-kif     same, identicalkitsch     kitschlambda     averge, typicallight     light, low in caloriesmarengo     Marengooffset     offsetoffshore     offshoreout     out of touch, (tennis) outpeople     celebritypop     pop (music, art)pro forma     pro formapunk     punkrecord     recordrelax     relaxed, informal, laid backrevolving     revolvingselect     select, high-clas s, poshsexy     sexysnob     snobby, snobbishsolo     solosoul     soul (music)sport     casual, athletic (clothes, shoes)spot     (economics) spotstandard     standardstand-by     stand-bysterling     (pound) sterlingtango     bright orangetop     great, besttrash     trashy, base, tastelessvaudou     voodoovidà ©o     videowaterproof     waterproofzen     Zen
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Sec & terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Sec & terrorism - Essay Example Historically, the U.S. identity has always been a benchmark by which threats to security are perceived. As Campbell (1998) informs, U.S. foreign policy has demonstrated that where the existence of alternative identities challenges the belief that the U.S. identity could be the ideal identity, this is often construed as a threat to security. In other words, security risks are interpreted as a means of establishing the U.S. identity (Campbell, 1998). Campbell’s conceptualization of the close relationship between U.S. identity and security is consistent with the constructivist account of international relations. For example, Wendt (1999) argues that state actors establish identities within an international social structure. How the state views its identity and how other states view the state’s identity shape and direct international politics and relations (Wendt, 1992). Using the constructivist account of international relations, this paper will argue and demonstrate the c lose connection between identity and security in U.S. foreign policy during the period of the Cold War is clearly established. However, during the detente phase of the Cold War, it appears as though U.S. security is less connected to identity but rather more closely connected to materialism. This paper is divided into two main parts. The first part of this paper provides an overview of the theory of constructivism in international relations. The second part of this paper will analyse the close connection between identity and security in U.S. foreign policy during the period of the Cold War and the fragility of that connection during the period of detente. The Theory of Constructivism in International Relations Constructivists, like neoliberal and neorealist theorists attempt to understand the drivers of state behaviour. However, constructivists are distinguished from neorealism and neoliberalism in that constructivists do not â€Å"ignore†the â€Å"content and sources of st ate interests and the social fabric of world politics†(Checkel, 1998, p. 324). Essentially, neoliberalism, neorealism and realism are juxtaposed against constructivism in a paradigm articulated as materialism vs idealism (Barkim, 2003). In this regard, constructivists reject the realist/traditional view that state behaviour is driven and explained by material power (Barkim, 2003). For the constructivists, state behaviour and international politics are both socially constructed (Alder, 1997). State behaviour is explained by a number of underlying factors that subjectively form the basis of ideas that steer state behaviour through the acquisition of state identities and interests (Copeland, 2000). Where states share the same ideas and interests, this can constrain and modify the behaviour of a state. Thus in interacting with one another, states may reconstruct their identities and interests through what is referred to as a â€Å"socialising process†(Copeland, 2000, p. 1 90). It is via the socialising process that states identify, defend and protect their identities which in turn inform their objectives and roles within the international political order (Copeland, 2000). Constructivism offers a novel and expansive method for understanding how states perceive security dilemmas as it offers tools for conceptualizing â€Å"human consciousness, national identity†and state interests (Tsai, 2009, p. 19). When constructivism is used to understand how states interpret security
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Criminology Report- The August 2011 Public Disorder-an analysis of the Essay
Criminology Report- The August 2011 Public Disorder-an analysis of the data on those bright before the courts - Essay Example The data presented in the filing fails to command authenticity and as the bulletin reports, the use of it should be under the understanding of its potential flows and is only viewed as approximations. The most observable features of the data as presented is the rounded off figures which therefore confirms the approximate nature of the data. The data presented covers factual records on court hearing data, data on ethnicity as well as age and gender and data on case classifications on area among others. Moreover, the distribution of the court proceedings between the court systems across the country is in record within the data presented. Nevertheless, it would be pointed out that the data presented fails to authoritatively quantify the number of offenders involved in each act of offence as was committed during the time. It is however acknowledged that the data presented was collected/retrieved from the administrative records as official statistics. This implies that though with the pos sible shortcomings pointed out in the discussion, the data can be used for research purposes as secondary data by the virtue of being official statistics. The report shows that the public violence involved many people who had disparities in age, gender and motives (Dodd, 2011). The report notes that on the basis of age, the public disorder involved 27% juveniles (aged between 10 and 17 years), 26% were aged 18-18 years while only an approximate of 5% of the offenders were above 40 years by age. In comparison with the age distribution of offenders previously convicted in similar offences in 2010, great disparities were observed from the 2011 statistics, majorly being on the numbers of offenders. Amongst 3103 defendants who faced initial trials in London magistrate courts, 27% were juveniles while the remaining 73% were adults. It is however to be noted that this was only 72% of the total accused persons because others
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Pornography and human sexual variation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Pornography and human sexual variation - Essay Example The philosophers behind the theories have also asked questions how, race social status, background and age affects the women in regards to their sexuality. Some of the books that try to explore this theory say that they can never be the female Viagra. This is because females have testosterone†(Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The philosophy has four key points that it focuses on in trying to explain the difference between men and women in the society. These are gender difference, gender inequality, gender oppression and structural oppression (Crossman, 2013). Discussion In most cases when we hear of human sexual variation we only think of the two gender male and female. There is more to this variation ranging from interest to emotions. In addition to these, two other aspects like biological and spiritual aspects. The biological is obviously associated with the human reproductive system. For the woman stimulation of the body does not fire up the desire to have sex. The woman responds mo re to physical touch thus making her psychologically aroused (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The emotional and physical aspects are the main drive in determining how one sexual desire can be handled. It brings in other forces of attraction between male and female, which is considered normal. However when the interest focuses on same sex attraction hiccups begin. Experiments to explain social psychology started long time ago (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Internet porn has been comically quoted as bringing people together. This is because it does not matter what kind of dirty sexual thought you have. On the web, there will be someone to share with you (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Rule 34 exists secretly in Social media. Social... In most cases when we hear of human sexual variation we only think of the two gender male and female. There is more to this variation ranging from interest to emotions. In addition to these, two other aspects like biological and spiritual aspects. The biological is obviously associated with the human reproductive system. For the woman stimulation of the body does not fire up the desire to have sex. The woman responds more to physical touch thus making her psychologically aroused (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The emotional and physical aspects are the main drive in determining how one sexual desire can be handled. It brings in other forces of attraction between male and female, which is considered normal. However when the interest focuses on same sex attraction hiccups begin. Experiments to explain social psychology started long time ago (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Internet porn has been comically quoted as bringing people together. This is because it does not matter what kind of dirty sexual thought you have. On the web, there will be someone to share with you (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). Rule 34 exists secretly in Social media. Social behavior when it comes to pornography has taken the greatest responsibility. From religious upbringing, human exposure at whatever degree is strongly bared (Ogas and Gaddam, 2011). The society does not condemn the relation between married couples because it is normal. However how they relate sexually it should not be made public. Currently these precautions are not highly considered.
Friday, November 15, 2019
Social Self And Its Manifestations Sociology Essay
Social Self And Its Manifestations Sociology Essay The self-concept involves how we think about and evaluate ourselves. In psychology self means the collection of cognitively held beliefs that a person possesses about themselves. However it is also seen that the self is an important tool with the help of which human beings make their mark in the society and manage themselves to satisfy and fulfil their needs. Traditionally the concept of self was seen as a tool which only represented the stable, genetically determined character or which later came to be called as personality. Though recently it was found that self keeps on evolving throughout the lifetime of person. With more developments in science and research it has been found that self is seen as dynamic and changeable, hierarchical, situationally and cognitively influenced and culturally constructed. In marketing field it is seen that every customer has a unique image of himself/herself. These self-images or perceptions of self have close relationship with personality, customers tend to buy those products and services whose images or personalities they can relate in a meaningful manner. The purpose of self is to gain social acceptance and play social roles, the society creates and defines roles, and the individual seeks and adopts them. For example farmer, soldier, businessman etc. are all various roles in a society pursued by individuals. Aristotle the Greek philosopher said man is by nature a social animal, an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual. This is where the social self comes into picture. In social self a significant portion of self and its behaviour are socially directed and influenced. The social self and socialization comprise of an intrinsic bond w hich is inseparable when it comes to identity formation. Socialization is imminent and inevitable consequence of human existence in society, the reason why an individual receives inclusion into society is to produce social and cultural continuity. Thus it is seen socialization plays a vital role in the prevalence of a culture and without adequate forms of socialization, culture may cease to exist. An individuals life depends on other individuals, human infants are born unable to care for themselves. Their survival depends on another individuals efforts. Thus the relation with individuals is the key not only to survive but also to fulfil needs, desires, attain success and reach highest potential. Sociology and marketing are closely interrelated. Marketing involves creating the value for people, making it accessible, retaining old customers and attracting new ones. It is hard to create and spread it without understanding human relations and behaviour of consumers. Once marketers understand how consumers think, what makes them tick, why do they choose specific products and services compared to other ones then they will be able to pitch their product/service in more efficient and visible manner. This in turn will be beneficial for the company as well, as with increase in sales profit will rise and eventually more and more consumers will begin to buy products/services. So sociology and marketing do not involve focus groups or media, they involve real life observations and digging into human nature and nature of interactions. Social media and the digital technology are just enhancers of social behaviour. Human beings just keep interacting and express themselves and their opinions, in the current scenario which is powered by technology that makes it wider and allows them to reach more people. The motivations remain the same as before social media belonging and conviviality, to mention two most relevant drivers. Development of concept of self has two aspects:- The existential self this is the most basic part of self-concept, sense of being separate and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of self. According to psychoanalysts the existential self begins as young as two to three old and rises in part due to relation the child has with the world. For example when the child smiles and someone smiles back. The categorical self the self can be put in categories such as age, gender, size or skill. In early childhood the categories children apply to themselves are very concrete. Later, self-description also begins to include reference to internal psychological traits, comparative evaluations and to how others see them. Social Self and Self Image:- The social self is simply any idea, or system of ideas, drawn from the social life that the mind cherishes as its own. The social self involves how the society perceives the individual, and the ideal social self involves how the individual would like the society to perceive him/her. In a society individuals are unique and different from one another however their self is thoroughly socially constructed. The social self can include ethnicity, gender, age, and place of residence or any other categorization that helps characterize a persons identity. There are two types of socialization: primary and secondary. Primary socialization involves the beginning stages of accepting social ideologies like for example a childs embrace into cultural practices and norms. Secondary type of socialization manifests on primary and becomes the true test of identification and the social self. The social self exists within the parameters of subjective reality, but selfhood is a part of larger objective rea lity that is intrinsically connected with socialization. Without socialization the social self and identity would not exist. Social self is on-going process combining the I and the me. In this on-going process social self is influenced by four factors:- The I the unpredictable and unorganised self. Me the image of the social self seen through other peoples reactions. The generalized other organized set of information about the general expectations and attitudes of a social group. Significant others a person or persons who have great influence on ones behaviour and self-esteem. The social self maintains complete cohesion based on its societal influences, the generalized other and primary socialization respectively. A number of theories explain how people become socialized and develop a sense of self. The looking-glass self refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image based on how the individual imagines he/she appears to others. Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image we project through their reactions to our behaviour. Seeing oneself as how others perceive is only the beginning. Eventually one sees how others see us, but also takes on or pretends to take the roles of others. This act of role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us. The figure on next page (fig-1) shows the hierarchy of social self and the various components that govern social self. Fig-1 Throughout history individuals have been thought to have a single self-image and to be interested as consumers, in products and services that satisfy that single self. When consumer behaviour is taken into consideration, the idea of individual embodying a number of different selves suggests that marketers should target their products and services to consumers within the context of a particular self. Every individual has a certain image of himself or herself with certain traits, skills, habits, possessions, relationships, and ways of behaving. Individuals develop their self-images through interactions with people, initially their parents and then other individuals or groups with whom they relate over the years. It is the image people create of themselves that is the psycho-cultural basis of their strengths and weaknesses, triumphs and failures. For a nations self-image tends to be self-fulfilling. If individual thinks that he/she will be defeated, then he/she has already lost the cause. If one thinks he or she is inferior, then one will tend to lower standards and will be satisfied. Negative self-images, whether individual or collective, can cause untold social and cultural damage. Human beings have nothing to lose by creating and working for the most exalted and inspiring images of themselves, because, as scholar Dr. Perlas any social self-image is a self-fulfilling prophecy anyway. Some people may ask how one person can be a potent force for social transformation, but as the prominent leader in Indian nationalism Mahatma Gandhi once remarked if you like the world to change, you can before by being the change you want to see in the world. Today, seemingly immutable ideas about people and organizations are being directly challenged and transformed on an unprecedented scale. Indeed, as human beings are moving towards a post-modern global society they are breaking out of their parochial perspectives and are recognizing that organizations in all societies exist in a wide array of types and species and functions within a dynamic spectrum of beliefs and lifestyles. A significant leading light towards this expansive direction is the illumination provided us by the profound insights of scholar Dr. Nicanor Perlas. His radical message is that organizations are products of human interaction and imagination rather than some blind expression of an underlying natural order. This contemporary insight is still shattering many beliefs-one of which is the longstanding conviction that bureaucracy, oligarchy, and other forms of hierarchical domination are inevitable. In direct contradiction to materialist and behaviourist doctrine, w here everything is supposed to be governed from below upward through micro determinist stimuli and physiochemical forces, the new ideational view upheld by scholar Dr. Perlas gives subjective mental phenomena a causal role in brain processing and thereby a new legitimacy in science as an autonomous explanatory construct. Future reality, in his view, is permeable, emergent, and opens to the minds causal influence. That is, reality is conditioned, reconstructed, and often profoundly created through individuals anticipatory images, values, plans, intentions, beliefs, and the like. To a far greater extent than is normally acknowledged, he asserts that human beings create their own realities through symbolic and mental processes and, because of this consciousness evolution of the future is a human option. It is the image of which in fact determines what might be called the current behaviour of any organism or organization. The image acts as a field. The behaviour consists in gravitat ing toward the most highly valued part of the field. By deliberately changing the internal image of reality, people can change the world. This is what led Einstein to admit that imagination is more important than knowledge. All individuals hold self-images, images of their race, profession, nation, and cultural belief systems; the underlying images held by a civilization or culture has an enormous influence on its fate. Human beings also have images of their own potential as well as the potential of others. According to mind-body studies, merely an anticipatory image, for example, of a hostile encounter can raise ones blood pressure as much as the encounter itself. Similarly, numerous new studies now show that consciously constructed images can lead directly to such things as blood glucose increases, increased gastric acid secretion, blister formation, and changes in skin temperature and pupillary size. The positive image of the future is the single most important dynamic and explanatory variable for understanding cultural evolution: Any student of the rise and fall of cultures cannot fail to be impressed by the role played in this historical succession of the future. The rise and fall of images of the future precedes or accompanies the rise and fall of cultures. As long as a societys image is positive and flourishing, the flower of culture is in full bloom. Once the image begins to decay and loses its vitality, the culture does not long survive. Digital trends set to trigger changes in the social self:- 1. The inner circle: Individuals seek to mirror their social personals in the digital world. But so far, digital has forced individuals to bring together not only their social selves, but also their professional and familial ones, and present a single persona to everyone they keep in contact with online. The average Facebook user has 130 friends, from best friends to new acquaintances. Examples: Google circles, Facebook Groups, Twitter Lists 2. Personalized news: It is seen that human beings currently create more information in a year than they ever have historically. Understandably, overwhelmed by the plethora of information online, people need ways to navigate relevant information and choose what to read. Already, RSS feeds and social networks facilitate the process through integration with news sites that allow users to generate passive status updates by posting content to the wall. Now applications that sort content based on digital friendship are emerging. The result is social reading is the new standard in online content consumption. Examples: Percolate, News.me, Flipboard, Zite 3. Rent: Today one can get more entertainment for less. The average Netflix user spends over 11 hours per month watching movies. Digital has changed the sense of ownership and the behaviour of renting is extending into categories beyond media and car rental where human beings realize that their use for certain products is limited and therefore does not warrant a purchase like for instance infant clothes or art for home or office interiors. Examples: Plumgear.com, Artsicle.com 4. Seamless transactions: People are always demanding that their processes become more efficient, quicker and safer, especially when it comes to their bank account. People can now carry at least one screen with them at all times. 40% of US consumers own a Smartphone, which has becomes so much more than a phone. Transactions are quickly becoming fully integrated with screens in multiple ways, from paying with their phones to executing financial transactions. Examples: Bitcoins, Google Wallet, Monitise, Square Card, Facebook Credits 5. Home, body, web: Technology is fast reaching a tipping point where it is both sufficiently small and affordable to allow people to monitor their bodies and adapt to their environment automatically. Peoples interest in leading healthier lifestyles, and automating the process through technology and sharing results and experience, is increasing dramatically. Examples: Nest.com, Jawbone Up 6. Ubiquitous accessibility: Market researchers and data analysts have found that data storage capabilities double every two years, so the demand for data and data accessibility is huge. With the increase in cloud computing usage, physical storage space is becoming obsolete. People access data from multiple devices, whether at home or on the go. Not long ago people stored their digital files locally, but the development of the cloud allows them to store larger amounts online. This is a storage solution that will become more prevalent as companies allow cloud access and service offerings drop in price. Examples: Bitcasa, DropBox, Google Docs, Instapaper, iCloud, SkyDrive 7. The reliable subscription: Human beings are creatures of habit and they want availability of the products they love in their busy lifestyle. In the past decades people have become an increasingly time-starved society, limiting their availability to maintain routines. Subscription services are utilizing this opportunity to greatest extent possible. Examples: ManPacks, PlaneRed, Lollihop, Memberly 8. Short-term nostalgic obsessions: Nostalgia has always been embedded in culture and society. People like to analyse their recent life through check-ins and status updates and to enhance their tactile experiences by bringing digital things to life. As people become more immersed in digital objects, their desire to revisit the not-so-recent past will increase. Examples: Little printer, Instaprint 9. Location-based discovery: Seeing the same place through someone elses perspective enriches it with new meaning. Interactive websites and mobile social apps are helping people to make creative archives on locations. Examples: Trover, Foursquare Radar, Google Maps, Tour Wrist 10. Control over data: Data has become an intricate part of human life. People are now able to quantify all their digital actions and more services catering to specialized activities have emerged. People are becoming aware of the value of the data they share online, and may start making decisions differently. Examples: Ford Sync, LastFM, Goodreads, reading.am, Voy.url Manifestations of self in online social networks:- Over the past 5 years, online social networking sites (OSNs) like Facebook and MySpace have become a central, virtually unavoidable medium for social interactions. OSNs started by catering to specialized communities and niche groups but have since expanded their reach substantially, permeating virtually every stratum and demographic group in the developed world. As such, they now provide fertile, ecologically valid, and empirically tractable domains in which to examine on-going, real-world phenomena and processes in social and personality psychology. To map out the basic connections between self and OSN behaviour, two descriptive exploratory studies are observed and studied to examine how traits are expressed on Facebook, currently the most widely used OSN in the world. The personality correlates of self-reported Facebook usage and ways in which personality traits are expressed in terms of observable information found on Facebook profiles are also studied as well as the extent to which observers are sensitive to the ways in which personality is manifested on profiles. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to describe the relationship between offline and online behaviour. The rich-get-richer hypothesis argues that individuals with pre-existing social structures and socially adaptive personalities will reap larger social benefits from Internet use and will use the Internet more for social communication than will individuals who are less socially adept. In contrast, the social-compensation hypothesis argues that individuals wh o struggle to make social connections in face-to-face interactions will use the Internet as a place to enhance their inter- personal lives by forging social relationships online. Some early research on aggressive behaviour online suggested that online personality could diverge from offline personality, but others have argued that those studies were based on forms of media in which users had no expectation for future interactions. Supporting the idea that online social processes mirror those conducted offline, recent research suggests that people largely use online tools to maintain their existing relationships, people who are liked in offline context are also liked online, and mirroring offline findings, those who use OSNs more frequently also possess greater social capital. Despite this research pointing to similar socialization processes in offline and online contexts, research focusing specifically on personality processes in online contexts is scarce. The deliberate processes by which personality traits become expressed in physical, aural, social, and virtual environments could play the same role in OSNs. Result and conclusion of the research:- In two studies, this research revealed a number of connections between personality and Facebook-related behaviour. Extraversion predicted not only self-reported frequency of Facebook usage, but also engagement in the site, with extraverts (vs. introverts) leaving observable traces of higher levels of OSN activity. Consistent with socialization in offline contexts, extraverts seek out virtual social contact and are more engaged during online social experience than are introverts. In the case of social networking sites, this engagement leaves behind a behavioural residue in the form of friend lists, picture postings, and so on. Similarly, rather than providing an opportunity for conscientious people to loosen their collar, OSNs may instead provide another haven in which low conscientious procrastinators can avoid getting down to work. Openness is also expressed as it is in the offline-world with evidence of exploring new activities, experiencing new people, and changing the photo- grap hic scenery. Thus, rather than being an escape from reality, OSN sites exist as a microcosm of peoples larger social worlds. The findings converged with other research to suggest that individuals are able to use observable profile information-be it the number of friends, photos, or another feature-to form accurate impressions of at least some basic personality traits. However, the research also showed that observers seemed to neglect some of the valid cues. These findings showing that some traits are manifested more clearly than others are consistent with the growing body of research showing that different traits are manifested in different contexts. Conclusion:- The society plays a crucial role in developing the self of an individual. Self has evolutionary as well as adaptable functions , the self can serve various psychological functions, having a self is not only knowing who you are, what you can do etc, but also how to get along in a group, observe and understand how to contribute in a group and make oneself visible and important figure. Everyone uses social comparison to understand how are they doing and how high or low do they stand in various situations. The social comparison is done to make oneself feel better by downward comparison and for improving oneself the individual has to look through upward comparison. The self-concept is formed from three major sources of information that humans obtain from others: words, feelings, and behaviours. What one thinks about oneself is often based on others comments, how one feels about oneself often comes from others emotional reactions towards individual and how an individual behaves is often in response to others reactions towards that individual. Another source of information that helps build or reduce self-concept is the set of internal standards used to judge ones performance. If these standards of ideal performance are too high, a person may feel that he or she does not measure up. Consequently, the person develops feelings that devalue a sense of worth, resulting in a low self-concept or self-image in that area. Children often learn these internal standards from watching how their parents, teachers, and peers judge their performance at school and at home. When social self is discussed, another important aspect is also considered which plays vital role in development of self, this aspect is socialization. Socialization is a sociological approach that attempts to explain how people learn cultural morals and the responses and emotions that differentiate human beings from animals that are driven merely by the drive to survive and reproduce. Socialization starts from the assumption that humans are more than animals that do whatever it takes to survive. Instead humans recognize that they are part of a group, and they observe other humans for guiding cues on how they should respond. When a baby is born it observes its mother to learn how emotions work and what the proper response to different events should be. Gradually as the child learns that it is a separate being from its mother and other humans it learns to think about its own reactions and responses and how they differ from those of other people. In this stage the child may deliberately test things out by trying a different response than the one approved by other people. Eventually, the child settles into a pattern of being able to regulate their own responses and empathize with what others want and how they respond. In this way socialization is a careful dance in which the developing human learns to balance their own independent desires and responses with those of t he people around them.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Which level of government should take the lead?
In ascertaining which between the federal government and the state and local government can best address the problems facing this nation, it is important that the pressing problems of the United States of America be identified first. Evidently, the most pressing problems of our nation today include job creation and economic growth, the war in Iraq, health care and social security, energy and the cost of gas, terrorism, illegal immigration and environment and global warming.When it comes to addressing the problem of job creation and economic growth, the lead should not be taken by any of the two levels of government since both the federal as well as the state governments must share the burden of dealing with the same. At the state or local level, intrastate commerce must be readily addressed. While interstate commerce must be facilitated by the federal government.The federal government however must be permitted to take the lead in addressing the problems of the war in Iraq, terrorism, illegal immigration energy and the cost of gas and the environment and global warming as these problems substantially involves foreign policy works that only the federal government is empowered to do. These problems require immediate attention and may oftentimes necessitate instant action which may only be delivered by the national government.On the other hand, the problems of health care and social security must be addressed by the state and local governments for the identification as well as the cure to these problems can best be addressed locally. It is within the realm of the power of the state and local governments to make measures to attend to the problems of health care and social security. Discuss the Davis Administration and how it affected the writing of the 1876 Texas Constitution.Governor Samuel Jackson Davis’ administration was perhaps the most controversial and unpopular one in Texas history. This may be because even his assumption to office was in the first in stance questionable. The backbone of his administration was the Texas Constitution of 1869 which provided for the centralization of power into the Governor’s Office and the expansion of governmental power. Davis’ term lengthened from the original two years to four years and his salary was significantly increased.Davis was able to have control over local state officials because of the vast appointing and removal powers granted to him by the constitution. The Davis administration was also criticized for levying unreasonably high taxes and incurring lavish government expenditures. Aside from his control over the State Police, the Constitution also empowered Davis to take charge of the State Militia which he both used to maintain law and order and compel local officials whenever they refused or failed to obey.His unpopularity was bolstered by immense corruption coupled with his declaration of martial law in some counties. Texans have always preferred decentralization, chea per government spending and abhorred the coercive force of the state police and the state militia and the declaration of martial rule. That is why in December of 1873, Texans replaced Governor Davis with a Democrat in the person of Richard Coke and subsequently rewrote their constitution.Texans promulgated the Constitution of 1876 which, up to this time, remains to be the fundamental organic law of Texas. It provided for shorter terms and lower salaries of elected officials, obliteration of voter registration, local control of schools, low taxation and less government expenditure. Although the governor was given the power to appoint, fill vacancies, and enforce the laws of the land, he was not given control over local or other elected state officials. The 1876 Texas Constitution vastly differed from its predecessor constitution. References: Longley, Robert. â€Å"Federalism: National Vs. State Government.† (2008). April 28, 2008 . Webmaster. â€Å"The Handbook of Texas Online.† (2008). April 28, 2008 .
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)